Spirit Airlines, whose approach to selling cheap tickets without amenities earned it fans and detractors, filed for bankruptcy protection Monday after a string of setbacks, most recently a failure to renegotiate its looming debt.
The airline, which last reported an annual profit in 2019, has had trouble finding its footing after a federal judge blocked a planned merger with JetBlue Airways in January. Spirit has also struggled to capitalize on the recovery from the pandemic because of intense competition, engine problems, and other factors.
The company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in New York. It also announced an agreement with bondholders to restructure its debts and raise money to help it operate during the bankruptcy process, which it expected to exit in the first quarter of next year.
Spirit, which has lost more than $2.2 billion since the start of 2020, published an open letter to customers saying that flyers could “use all tickets, credits and loyalty points as normal.”
Ted Christie, the airline’s CEO, said in a statement that the arrangements announced Monday represented a “strong vote of confidence in Spirit and our long-term plan.”
The airline said in a court filing that it had 25,000 to 50,000 creditors, with a total debt of about $9 billion and only slightly more in assets at the end of September. It said its shares would be delisted from the New York Stock Exchange. Spirit’s stock had fallen more than 90% since the start of the year.
The airline began operations as a trucking company operating under a different name in 1964. It later became a tour operator and started offering flights in 1990. Two years later, it became Spirit Airlines.
But the company’s modern incarnation traces its roots to 2006, when Indigo Partners, a private equity fund, acquired a majority stake. Under Indigo and the leadership of Ben Baldanza — who spent a decade as Spirit’s CEO and died this month — the airline focused on lowering costs and selling cheap, bare-bones tickets.
That business model made the airline the butt of late-night jokes but also helped to reshape the industry. Travelers flocked to Spirit for its low fares, often overlooking concerns about the quality of its service. The airline earned consistent profits, and other companies sought to copy its approach. Today, most U.S. airlines offer some version of a no-frills ticket.
Spirit also became a powerful force in the industry, pressuring others to lower fares. That phenomenon became a central part of the Justice Department’s successful lawsuit to prevent the JetBlue-Spirit merger because losing Spirit would harm consumers.
The bankruptcy filing comes after Spirit had spent months trying to renegotiate its debts. Companies, including many airlines, often emerge from Chapter 11 bankruptcy cases on stronger financial footing.
Airlines have filed for bankruptcy dozens of times over the past several decades, according to data from Airlines for America, a trade group. Three of the industry’s largest companies — American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, and United Airlines — filed bankruptcy cases after the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks. But Spirit is the first from a major airline in more than a decade.
The nation’s largest airlines have profited from the pandemic recovery, in part by taking advantage of demand for premium and international travel. But Spirit and other budget airlines have had a more challenging time managing rising costs, especially for labor, and increased competition.
This summer was the busiest ever for air travel, according to Transportation Security Administration data. But low-fare carriers struggled because many of the popular destinations they serve were flooded with seats. The low-cost airlines have also faced rising competition from larger carriers selling “basic economy” tickets.
Spirit flew slightly more passengers in the first half of this year compared with the same period in 2023. But those passengers paid nearly 20% less in fares per flight.
The company’s largest union, a chapter of the Association of Flight Attendants, told members to continue to work as planned, saying that it would fight to protect their interests in the bankruptcy process. The airline has about 12,800 employees.
Some problems are out of Spirit’s control. The airline flies more than 200 Airbus A320 planes, but a defect with the Pratt & Whitney engines that power some of those means about 1 in 10 will not be flying this year. Spirit said this year that it expected to start 2025 with 35 planes on the ground, rising to about 67.
The airline has said it expects $150 million to $200 million in compensation from Pratt & Whitney. To cut costs, Spirit delayed delivery of new planes and furloughed pilots. It sold nearly two dozen planes last month and may sell more, though most of its planes are leased.
Over the summer, Spirit tried to revive its fortunes by offering premium services. In July, it announced that it would start selling four fare bundles, which include different perks. The top offering includes extra legroom, priority boarding, refreshments, and waived bag fees. Another includes some of those perks and a guaranteed empty middle seat.
This article originally appeared in The New York Times.
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