Imagine taking an exam and answering every question correctly, only to fail because your paper was graded against the answer key for a different exam. That, in a nutshell, is what happens when African institutions are assessed by major credit-rating agencies like Fitch, Moody’s, and S&P. Consider the recent dispute between Fitch and the African Export-Import Bank. In June 2025, Fitch downgraded Afreximbank, saying it had become concerned about the bank’s sovereign loans, particularly to...
There are moments in a researcher’s life that quietly reshape the way history is understood. They arrive without ceremony, revealing themselves only through experience. One such moment came when I entered the Bristol Archives expecting to consult only a handful of documents relating to the history of the Sultanate of Oman. Several minutes later,...
Beyond the mountain views and empty houses, Oman’s old settlements invite us to consider the lives people built and why they eventually moved on. The first time I stepped into Harat Al Yemen, in Izki, I felt unnerved. Beyond each alley were more houses, doorways and traces of a once-busy community. How could a village of this size become...