No two frankincense trees are the same. Each branches out uniquely, bends at various angles, and faces the harsh winds of Wadi Dawkah with unwavering strength. Their resilience is remarkable and has been acknowledged since ancient times. Only those who truly appreciate their worth recognise that these trees are vital to a multimillion-dollar industry.
Before its development and dedicated management as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Wadi Dawkah was visited mostly by local frankincense farmers. While its rich history was known, it was not considered a must-see destination. However, following the important signing of stewardship, the future of this area now looks much more promising.
Located in the Dhofar region of Oman, Wadi Dawkah is not just a natural wonder; it is a beacon of cultural heritage and historical significance, recognised as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2000. This sanctuary is integral to the ancient Incense Route, connecting the southern Arabian Peninsula to the Mediterranean and beyond. Frankincense—derived from the sap of the Boswellia sacra trees thriving here—was not only a luxury commodity but also a vital aspect of cultural and spiritual practices across numerous civilisations.
The UNESCO designation highlights Wadi Dawkah’s exceptional natural landscape and its role in the global trade of frankincense, which has been harvested for over 4,000 years. However, UNESCO heritage sites face persistent challenges, including urban encroachment, climate change, and inadequate maintenance. A careful approach is essential to protect this site within the global framework of heritage conservation.
Frankincense: The Crown Jewel of Wadi Dawkah
Frankincense, botanically known as Boswellia sacra, is an aromatic resin that has captivated civilisations throughout history. Revered for its fragrance, healing properties, and spiritual significance, frankincense has been used in religious ceremonies, traditional medicine, and luxurious perfumes for centuries. It is a symbol of Oman’s rich cultural heritage, synonymous with the region’s ancient trade routes.
The frankincense resin is categorised into four distinct grades in Oman: Hojari (the highest quality), Najdi, Shathari, and Shaabi. Hojari is characterised by its light-greenish colour and aromatic qualities, making it the most sought-after globally. Historically, frankincense was considered a valuable commodity, traded as early as the 3rd millennium BCE across vast networks that spanned from Arabia to India and even to China, where it was referred to as “milky fragrance.” Today, this sacred resin continues to hold a prominent position in perfumery and wellness, bridging ancient practices with contemporary applications.
The unique climate of the Dhofar region—characterised by seasonal monsoons and nutrient-rich soil—contributes significantly to the exceptional quality of frankincense produced at Wadi Dawkah. The trees thrive under careful cultivation practices that respect traditional methods while integrating modern sustainability initiatives, ensuring the continuation of this age-old craft while protecting the environment.
Preserving the Trees Not Just for Economic Value
Central to this preservation effort is Dominique Roques, a seasoned expert in the sourcing of natural products, boasting over 30 years of experience in the perfume industry. After an esteemed career as Head of Sourcing at Firmenich (now DSM-Firmenich) and at Biolandes, Dominique established his consultancy, Balsam Consulting, in early 2023. Shortly thereafter, he was approached by Amouage to lead a groundbreaking initiative in the frankincense industry at the Wadi Dawkah Natural Park.
In an exclusive interview, Dominique shared that in Oman, frankincense trees, particularly the Boswellia sacra species, are integral to both ecological and cultural landscapes. However, precise estimates suggest that there are only a few thousand of these trees remaining in the wild. Over the years, indiscriminate harvesting, particularly during the aromatherapy boom in the 1970s, has destabilised local ecosystems. The race for production led to over-tapping, ultimately endangering the trees. Without diligent management and adherence to sustainable practices, the repercussions for the Omani frankincense industry could be dire.
The standard practices for harvesting frankincense vary drastically across regions. In contrast to Somalia, where chaos and opportunistic tapping dominate, Oman is moving towards standardised, sustainable harvesting techniques. The introduction of new standards aims to ensure ethical practices, proper governance, and fair compensation for all involved in tapping and producing frankincense. This framework will facilitate a transparent supply chain that benefits both the producers and the international market.
“Factors such as over-tapping, lack of sustainable harvesting practices, and a pressing demand for frankincense have severely compromised the health and longevity of these trees,” he said.
Through the Wadi Dawkah project in Oman, efforts are being made to revitalise the population of frankincense trees through rigorous management strategies. Collabouration between local communities, government entities, and international stakeholders is essential. Recent initiatives include the establishment of designated tapping zones, training for sustainable harvesting methods, and educational programmemes to enlighten communities about the importance of preserving their natural resources. This holistic approach emphasises the need for transparency and accountability throughout the production process.
“It is crucial to preserve frankincense trees not merely for their economic value but also for their cultural and historical significance. Having been part of the cultural heritage for over 5,000 years, frankincense represents an intersection of economic livelihoods and environmental sustainability. Efforts to safeguard these trees ensure that future generations can inherit a legacy intertwined with aromatic history and ecological integrity,” Dominique shared.
The narrative of frankincense is not unique to Oman but resonates worldwide. In regions like Somalia, the challenges are starkly visible. When demand surged, haste to procure was prioritised over the health of the trees themselves. The dire consequences of poor management are evident, yet there are signs of a shift towards ethical practices. Organisations are emerging that champion transparency and sustainable harvesting, potentially revolutionising the industry.
The need for standardised practices is an urgent call for action across all regions that produce frankincense. By ensuring every stage of the supply chain is documented, those involved—from farmers to end consumers—will have a clearer understanding of where and how their products originate. This awareness will foster respect for the natural resource and encourage sustainable use, preventing over-exploitation.
“The significance of frankincense extends far beyond its economic impacts. This aromatic resin weaves through history, spirituality, and culture. The efforts to manage, preserve, and ethically harvest frankincense trees are not just about a product; they are about protecting a legacy,” he said.
“The encouragement of sustainable practices in Oman serves as a model for other producing countries. Every tree preserved contributes to a more balanced ecosystem, and every ethical practice heralds a step closer to restoring the integrity of the frankincense market. Balancing tradition with innovation, it is imperative to respect and nurture the fascinating history of frankincense while ensuring its availability for future generations.”
Timeline of the Wadi Dawkah Project
The journey of Wadi Dawkah as a UNESCO World Heritage Site has been marked by significant milestones that showcase its evolution and ongoing dedication to preservation and sustainability. In 2000, it was inscribed as part of the Land of Frankincense on the UNESCO World Heritage List, a designation that highlighted its cultural and ecological importance. In 2015, His Majesty Sultan Haitham bin Tarik Al Said, then Minister of Heritage and Culture, visited Wadi Dawkah during the Frankincense Festival, affirming the government’s commitment to preserving this invaluable heritage.
In 2022, a pivotal partnership was forged between the Omani Ministry of Heritage and Tourism and the luxury fragrance house, Amouage, to revitalise and sustain the frankincense industry. This collabouration laid the groundwork for an innovative sustainability plan, aimed at enhancing the cultivation and global promotion of Wadi Dawkah’s unique frankincense. The inaugural harvest occurred in 2023, marking a significant step in showcasing Oman’s exceptional natural resources. By June 2024, the Wadi Dawkah Omani Frankincense Essential Oil was introduced at the World Perfumery Congress in Geneva, highlighting its unique olfactory profile to a global audience. Following this, in July, the official Wadi Dawkah website launched, providing a platform for education and engagement with the project.
As the timeline unfolds, the second harvest season commenced in September 2024, setting the stage for the ongoing development of Wadi Dawkah as a leading example of sustainable practices in Oman. Early in 2025, construction will begin on the Manufacture & Visitor Centre, designed to facilitate public engagement, education, and tourism at the site. By 2026, the centre is expected to open, inviting visitors to explore the rich heritage of frankincense and the innovative efforts to preserve it for future generations.
Amouage: Custodian of Wadi Dawkah
As the custodian of Wadi Dawkah since 2022, the high-perfumery house Amouage has undertaken a vital role in preserving and promoting the legendary Omani frankincense. This partnership with the Omani Ministry of Heritage and Tourism aims not only to protect and sustain the natural resources of Wadi Dawkah but also to reinvigorate the local economy through ethical sourcing and production practices. Amouage’s approach emphasises transparency, sustainability, and community involvement, creating a model for responsible stewardship of natural heritage.
The company’s initiatives include introducing modern agricultural techniques that enhance the growth and preservation of the frankincense trees while respecting traditional harvesting practices. Each tree is monitored through sophisticated geotagging systems, capturing essential information about the trees’ health, harvest dates, and tapping details, thus promoting full accountability in the supply chain.
This innovative approach transforms Wadi Dawkah into the first smart forest in the GCC, merging technology with environmentalism.
Amouage also focuses on job creation within local communities, adhering to the highest ethical employment standards. By actively involving local harvesters, who receive extensive training to ensure sustainable practices, Amouage not only fosters a deep connection to traditional knowledge but also uplifts the local economy. The empowerment of the community is central to their mission, ensuring that the benefits of the frankincense industry are shared equitably.
Through educating visitors about the significance of frankincense and the importance of conservation, Amouage is building a robust platform for sustainable tourism. The integration of cultural and environmental education enhances public understanding of the heritage intrinsic to Wadi Dawkah, allowing visitors to appreciate the delicate balance between tradition and modernity.
Amouage’s collabourations and innovative practices position Wadi Dawkah as a leading model for sustainable practices in Oman. The preservation of the site begins at the individual tree level, where measures are taken to protect them from grazing and urban sprawl. Creating protective fencing around the trees and relocation initiatives for those threatened by urbanisation are vital strategies being employed to ensure the longevity of this precious resource.
Moreover, Amouage emphasises responsible water management, crucial in a region that faces challenges related to scarcity. Implementing smart irrigation practices helps maintain the health of the frankincense trees, striking a balance between natural irrigation and necessary supplementation during drier periods.
Through thoughtful tourism development, Amouage aims to promote Wadi Dawkah as a sustainable destination that respects the environment while benefiting local communities. The creation of educational programmemes and visitor experiences that highlight the significance of frankincense not only enriches the visitor experience but also reinforces the commitment to conservation. Responsible tourism efforts are designed to raise awareness of the value of maintaining heritage sites, with the hope that this model can be replicated in other regions of Oman and beyond.
Combining Global Expertise with Local Knowledge
For the Wadi Dawkah project, it was essential to blend the knowledge of local experts with the skills of international specialists, allowing the team to revitalise ancient practices while fostering sustainable development in Wadi Dawkah. Their collabourative approach not only ensures the protection of the frankincense trees and the empowerment of local communities but also sets a path for an enduring legacy that future generations can cherish.
At the forefront is Mohammed Istanbooli, a native of Salalah, an enchanting city situated between the Dhofari mountains and the Indian Ocean. As the lead on farming operations at Wadi Dawkah, Mohammed is responsible for nurturing the beloved frankincense trees, ensuring their healthy growth while supervising the harvesting of their resin. His strong ties to the land and commitment to local traditions empower him to mentor his team, ensuring the knowledge and skills necessary for the project’s success are passed down.
Vital to the team’s mission is Ghanem Jaddad, who plays a critical role in linking local skills and community resources with the work at Wadi Dawkah. Having family connections to the frankincense trees for generations, Ghanem resides in Thumrait, a historic stop along the ancient frankincense trade route. His deep understanding of local customs and connections ensures that traditional practices are woven into the project’s fabric.
Dr. Valentina Bruccoleri serves as the curator of the Wadi Dawkah Manufacture & Visitor Centre, bringing a wealth of academic knowledge to the team. With a PhD in Art History and Archaeology from Sorbonne University and experience at renowned institutions like the Louvre, Dr. Bruccoleri enriches the visitor experience by presenting the stories behind ancient artefacts and the significance of frankincense in Omani culture.
Dominique Roques, a leading expert in the sustainable sourcing of natural ingredients, adds critical depth to the team. With decades of experience, he is instrumental in ensuring that Wadi Dawkah becomes a benchmark for ethical practices in the frankincense industry. Dominique’s focus on sustainability not only protects the local ecosystem but also fosters economic opportunities for the community.
Renaud Salmon, Chief Creative Officer at Amouage, brings a creative spark to Wadi Dawkah’s development. Drawing inspiration from nature’s beauty, Renaud helps shape the site’s identity with his artistic vision, collabourating with local artists to create a unique aesthetic that honours tradition while embracing contemporary creativity.
The late Gaetano Pesce, a renowned design polymath who passed away in April 2024, significantly influenced the visual identity of Wadi Dawkah. His partnership with Renaud Salmon fostered an aesthetic that celebrates boldness and individuality, leaving behind a legacy that continues to inspire.
Engaging the Community through the Website
To further foster engagement with Wadi Dawkah, Amouage has launched an informative and interactive website, www.wadidawkah.com. This online platform serves as a crucial resource for individuals interested in learning about the history, cultural importance, and conservation efforts surrounding Wadi Dawkah. The website offers detailed insights into the various initiatives undertaken by the company, including updates on current research and conservation programmemes.
One standout feature of the website is the Frankincense Tree Sponsorship Programmeme. This initiative allows enthusiasts from around the world to adopt a frankincense tree, personally linking them to the heritage and conservation efforts of Wadi Dawkah. Tree sponsors can view their tree’s growth journey through updates and documentation, receiving samples of resin harvested from their adopted tree at the year’s end. This unique opportunity not only deepens personal ties to the site but also encourages a global community.
The website actively cultivates a sense of shared responsibility and stewardship among visitors, fostering a deeper appreciation for Oman’s rich natural heritage. By bridging the gap between local tradition and international interest, the programmeme exemplifies how the spirit of community, sustainability, and conservation can work together to safeguard invaluable resources.
Success at Wadi Dawkah will be measured not only by the health of its unique ecosystem and the well-being of its local populace but also by the extent to which it inspires appreciation for Oman’s rich natural and cultural heritage. Through these efforts, Wadi Dawkah is poised to protect its legacy for future generations while offering a true testament to the intersection of tradition, sustainability, and innovation. This remarkable endeavour ensures that the fragrant essence of frankincense continues to thrive amidst the beauty of Oman’s landscapes, bridging the past with a promising future.
As the project progresses, there are plans for regular community events, workshops, and festivals that celebrate the significance of frankincense in Omani culture. Local artisans will be encouraged to showcase their crafts, creating a vibrant nexus of tradition and commerce that further cements the relationship between the community and its heritage.
Through the partnership with Amouage and the dedication of all involved, Wadi Dawkah will continue to flourish, ensuring that future generations inherit not just trees, but a rich tapestry of cultural, historical, and ecological significance woven together by the aromatic thread of frankincense.
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