Tech entrepreneurs have spent years selling the dream that we can save the planet without changing our ways, but the current focus of innovation is dividing experts and investors.
The tech industry loves splashy world-saving ideas and spends billions on the hunt for new energy sources, often clashing with calls from activists and experts simply to use less energy.
The Web Summit in Lisbon this week, one of Europe's biggest tech events, gave top billing to a Californian firm called Twelve that claims to be able to make sustainable jet fuel out of the carbon dioxide in the air.
"In a lot of ways we're mimicking trees and plants," Twelve co-founder Etosha Cave told the audience, describing a process that takes carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and converts it into fuel.
Cave painted a picture of a future where her company's tech could power long-haul flights and even help exploit mineral wealth on Mars — a utopian vision that has helped her firm raise some $650 million.
Climate expert Mike Berners-Lee, a professor at the University of Lancaster in the UK, said that world-changing claims about sustainable fuel or new energy sources needed to be viewed sceptically.
"Everyone's looking for a silver bullet that would mean we wouldn't have to do anything difficult," he said.
More broadly, the green wave in tech is entering a tricky period.
While Twelve and other major startups are attracting massive investment, Bloomberg recently reported that funding for climate tech was on track to fall 50 per cent this year compared with last year.
And climate tech has long been subject to the whims of politics and global economic trends.
The current green wave is the second this century.
The first — now called Clean Tech 1.0 — was fostered by US politician Al Gore, whose calls for funding were met with an estimated $25 billion of investments.
The period ended in 2011 after the global financial crisis ended cheap loans and China ramped up its solar panel output, wiping out most US startups and roughly half of investors' cash.
But those investments were not wasted.
They led to an era of inexpensive solar and wind power and laid the foundations for the electric vehicle revolution.
Clean Tech 2.0 began around 2018 as companies and governments committed to net-zero carbon targets laid out by the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement.
However, the US has re-elected Donald Trump as president with support from many leaders in the tech industry.
Trump — an avowed climate-change denier whose campaigning slogan on fossil fuels was "dig baby dig" — withdrew the US from the agreement in his first term and analysts believe he will do the same again.
And the global fight against climate change is still fraught, with national leaders meeting for the UN's COP29 climate summit in Azerbaijan this week divided on the idea of phasing out fossil fuels, the main driver of global warming.
All this leaves climate tech in a precarious moment, and startups without world-saving narratives are scrambling to get funding from a smaller pot.
Web Summit hosted dozens of them, hawking everything from blockchain-backed "virtual power plants" to smart widgets for stopping household leaks.
While some experts are cynical about the utility of these "shark tank" style events, Elisabeth Gilmore, a professor of environmental engineering at Carleton University in Canada, said she had no problem with young entrepreneurs making big claims.
Berners-Lee questioned whether some of the most eye-catching ideas could be as good as they sounded.
"If these are real solutions that are ready to go, if they're as good as they look, they would be scaling up like crazy," he said.
Sustainable jet fuel, he said, was one of the toughest nuts to crack and would need major breakthroughs in storage and power usage. — AFP
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