Afghan tech entrepreneur Sara Wahedi tore up her staffing roster. Nowadays, her app company's few remaining employees in Afghanistan work when they can - in the intervals between power cuts and internet outages.
Five months since the Taliban seized power, Afghan companies like Wahedi's are battling to stay afloat as international sanctions and curbs against the hardline movement fuel a deepening economic crisis.
"We are running on fumes at this point," Wahedi, 26, said by email from New York City, where she is remotely running Ehtesab, the mobile app she founded that provides real-time security, traffic and power outage alerts in Kabul, the Afghan capital.
Wahedi had a group of security experts, journalists, government officials and volunteers to vet and verify reports, allowing Ehtesab to send alerts within minutes. Since most of them have left Afghanistan, it takes as long as 15 minutes now.
Unless international investment and funding resume, she said fledgling Afghan companies would be "crippled".
"It is understandable that Afghanistan is a volatile environment, but without any market, entrepreneurs, especially social entrepreneurs like myself, are left flailing on their own," Wahedi said.
The Taliban's lightning takeover saw billions of dollars in Afghan assets frozen overseas. International funding, which had supported 75 per cent of government spending, also dried up overnight.
Banks ran short of cash, millions lost work or went unpaid, the local currency nosedived, while prices rocketed, plunging millions of Afghans into poverty as businesses shut and wages went unpaid. The onset of winter has worsened the conditions.
UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres appealed earlier this month for a suspension of rules preventing the use of money to save lives and the economy, and for a way to release frozen Afghan foreign currency reserves to 'avoid a meltdown'.
Without more money circulating, the few companies that are limping on will also be forced to give up, said Matiullah Rahmaty, who has watched his once-bustling Kabul-based business consulting firm BrightPoint grind to a halt since August.
"For businesses, liquidity in cash is like blood in the veins," Rahmaty, 26, said from a refugee camp in Abu Dhabi, his home since October.
In the weeks before the Taliban stunned the world by sweeping into Kabul, Rahmaty said his schedule was packed.
He was preparing to give a Tedx talk about entrepreneurs overcoming obstacles and planned to set a date for his wedding, but everything got put on hold.
Twenty employees were reduced to four, about a dozen projects with international clients turned to zero and cash dried up.
"Within one day we were out there with nothing to do," said Rahmaty, who fled Afghanistan with his fiancee over fears of Taliban retaliation for his work with foreign organisations.
Security risks - and an uncertain future - have prompted more wealthy Afghans to flee, compounding a brain drain of skilled professionals, which several Afghan entrepreneurs warned would further stymie economic recovery.
Humanitarian aid, which foreign governments have maintained despite the sanctions, is helpful, but will not help revive the economy and create jobs, Afghan entrepreneurs said.
"We have become beggars, begging for humanitarian aid. This doesn't work in the long run," said Abdul Ehsan Mohmand, the chief executive of one of Afghanistan's top infrastructure companies, Dynamic Vision.
He urged the international community to create jobs in the private sector, warning otherwise poor Afghans - like the 350 labourers who he had to lay off from a UN-funded water supply project - would suffer the most.
With more than 300 projects, some 1,200 employees and an annual turnover of $10 million, Mohmand aimed to expand operations to the Middle East, Central Asia and Africa.
But with millions of dollars stuck in unpaid dues and limited cash, he said he had abandoned his expansion plans.
"(The Taliban takeover) has sentenced the private sector to death," he said.
The UN Development Programme (UNDP) has launched several initiatives, including one that provides grants to Afghanistan's small and micro businesses, especially those owned by women, and offers cash-for-work projects to the unemployed.
Since returning to power, the Taliban have curbed the rights of women restricting most from working.
Pending projects can be completed with investments, including several renewable power plants that may fix the electricity shortages causing frequent power outages, said Mohmand of Dynamic Vision.
Remote working for overseas companies has become a lifeline for tech-savvy Afghans like Murtaza, who shut down his fledgling software development company in August as projects fell through, but the long blackouts threaten that income source, too.
"When you don't have electricity for 10 hours a day and bad, unreliable internet, it becomes very difficult to get anything done," said Murtaza, who has been giving online coding classes to US students.
"The online training that I'm providing is giving me enough income to survive," he said, asking not to give his full name.
Several entrepreneurs said that while power cuts have always plagued Afghanistan, the stretches without electricity had increased from about four hours to up to 12 hours a day.
They cited reports about the state power utility's mounting debt to neighbouring countries that supply most of Afghanistan's electricity.
Foreign firms should set flexible deadlines for Afghans doing remote work for them, said Ali Aslan Gumusay, the head of the innovation and entrepreneurship research group at the Berlin-based Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society.
"Stretch out the window of work over a course of a week or two weeks," Gumusay urged in a video call.
Some Afghan companies are finding other ways to adapt.
Mohmand said Dynamic Vision had shifted its line of business from infrastructure to humanitarian work such as doing research for the UN migration agency, IOM.
After she started marketing her app through Facebook ads last month, Wahedi said there were more than 600 downloads in three weeks, showing there was still "interest and impact".
Cooped up in his room while waiting for the processing of his asylum claim to France, Rahmaty said he had developed a platform called "Entrepreneur on the Go" that he plans to launch in a few weeks.
It will help fellow migrant entrepreneurs access a network of tools and contacts, including mentors, language teachers and lawyers, to establish businesses in host countries.
Once in France, he said he planned to channel work opportunities to Afghanistan. "I couldn't help our situation from the inside and that's why I left ... Now I can go out, close deals with some clients and send business back home." - Thomson Reuters Foundation
ANNIE BANERJI
The writer is the South Asia correspondent at Thomson Reuters Foundation News
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